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If the exposure and outcome, or their correlates, influence a person's initial eligibility or participation, the resulting exposure health effect association may not reflect the causal effect in the source population.
If the sample is taken from another than the target population, selection bias will arise if the average causal effect in the source population differs from that in the target population.
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An effective method for removing the Doppler Effect embedded in the source signal is presented in this paper.
3-5 Altheugh the inherent heterogeneity between the two cohorts makes it difficult to compare predictors of spontaneous HCV clearance, it is unlikely that the larger effect in the single-source cohort can be explained entirely by the different distributions of sex and coinfection with HIV.
Or a page later: "Translation, as Umberto Eco has pointed out, is movement between languages and also between cultures, as the translator seeks words that will bring about the same effect as those in the source language".
One way to address these matrix effects is certainly IDMS, since the spike will undergo the same effects in the ionization source as the analyte and, therefore, the isotope ratio is unaffected up to a certain degree [ 20].
Although the relays require higher capabilities, this protocol can mitigate the effects of noise in the source to relay links.
Return migrants may bring skills or capital to the home economy and thereby contribute to the positive effects of migration in the source countries.
This design was used to maximize possible interpretations in the shortest time range between runs, minimizing potential effects of changes in the source population or of population failures.
Remark 1 It can be seen from Theorems 1-3 that when p + q < m or p + q = m and a μ M q m > 1, the maximal solution U ( x, t ) is positive for all t > 0, which means that the effect of the source term is, in some sense, strong and the diffusion term cannot dominate the source term.
Before solving the inverse problem in Eq. (10), we need to evaluate each term in Eq. (11), that is, (1) the present heights of the Genroku terrace, (2) the effect of steady plate subduction, (3) the effect of steady slip deficit in the source region of the 1923 Taisho event, and (4) the effect of fault slip at the 1923 Taisho event.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com