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Mixed effect ANOVA revealed no significant main effect for exercise (or subject group × exercise interaction) for any of the cytokines measured in arterial blood or venous blood.
In addition, a separate mixed effect ANOVA that only included resting and exercise data (i.e. without post-exercise data) revealed no significant main effect for exercise for any of the cytokines measured.
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There were no treatment effects for exercise BP.
This issue requires examination in a feasibility study, as the preference effects for exercise versus control in this patient population are unknown.
Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, including baseline values as covariate, showed a significant effect on liver fat content for diet (P = 0.006), with no effects for exercise training (P = 0.789) or diet-exercise interaction (P = 0.712).
Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, including baseline values as covariate, showed a significant effect on liver fat content for diet (P = 0.006), with no effects for exercise training (P = 0.789) and diet-exercise interaction (P = 0.712) (Table 3).
Univariate analysis of variance between disease severity, exercise status and depression, fatigue and QoL scores in persons with MS found main effects for exercise status and disease severity in some QoL and fatigue scores (Table 2).
The effect sizes for exercise therapy on pain were 0.56 and 0.54, respectively.
Effect sizes for exercise therapy ranged from 0.47 (pain at rest) and 0.45 (pain on activity) to 0.34 (function).
It is also important to consider that, even if exercise capacity is unaffected, ANS dysfunction could potentially be an effect modifier for exercise and multiple health outcomes.
Studies have shown similar effect sizes for exercise therapy and pain reliving drugs for patients with knee osteoarthritis, but exercise therapy have fewer side-effects than may be seen for drug therapy [ 3].
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