Participants used increasingly concrete action identifications as they became sadder and less happy, but this effect was moderated by depression status.
We also found that the effects of pain interference on the emotional burden were mediated by depression, suggesting a relevant role of depression in patients with CTTH.
We also explored whether prior adverse outcome history modified the effect of depression by including the interaction between depression and prior adverse outcomes.
Although the mechanism is still unknown, rTMS is thought to exert its therapeutic effect on depression by influencing subgenual anterior cingulate functional connectivity [ 24, 25], brain networks [ 25], neurotransmitters [ 26], neuroendocrine effects [ 27], and neuronal plasticity [ 28].
We strove to mitigate that potential effect by excluding anxiety and depression (present in the ICD-10 criteria) from our operational definition of PCS.
Dementia and mood are highly related, and sometimes dementia is accompanied by depression, thus the effects of PS on mood may be indirect effects due to the positive impact on cognition and memory.
In many people, the effects of brain aging may be magnified by depression.
A positive protective effect of depression was also found by Zeeck et al. [ 36], who reported that inpatients with anorexia nervosa and comorbid depression stayed longer in psychotherapy than those without comorbid depression.
In the unadjusted association though (see table 3), emotional defensiveness was not associated with PCS, a finding which is explained by the negative confounding effect of depression on this association.
Indeed, in a carefully conducted study, the relationship of obesity with migraine frequency and migraine-related disability was modified by depression and anxiety, with the strongest effect observed in migraineurs with both depression and anxiety.
