The conference also produced the "Framework for Environmental Action," an action plan containing 109 specific recommendations related to human settlements, natural-resource management, pollution, educational and social aspects of the environment, development, and international organizations.
The information on modification of long-term effects of air pollution by educational status is inconsistent (Hoffmann et al. 2006; Pope et al. 2002).
Low fruit consumption occurred significantly more in low education households, suggesting that the possible modifying effect of education on air pollution estimates may result from differences in fruit consumption between subjects with different educational levels.
■ African-Americans and Latinos are 2.5 to 3 times more likely to be poor, which leads to inequitable health and mental outcomes, increased exposure to violence and environmental pollution, and inadequate educational and employment opportunities.
In the present study, using individual-level education as a measure of SES, we found that residents with low educational attainment were more sensitive to air pollution exposure than those with high educational attainment.
Further, we cannot exclude the possibility that compliance with the nation-wide cervical cancer screening program differs in areas with high and low levels of air pollution due to differences in educational level.
One implication is that positive interventions in disadvantaged communities, such as expanded educational resources, may be counteracted by levels of pollution much smaller than would be detected by conventional assessments.
Now a new study of Shanghai residents reveals that the elderly, women, and individuals with lower educational backgrounds are especially vulnerable to outdoor air pollution during cooler weather [ EHP 116:1183–1188; Kan et al.].
We used linear regression to estimate associations between the air pollution index and maternal race and educational attainment, a marker for SES of the mother, controlling for age, parity, marital status, and region of the country.
Effects of air pollution were generally greater in residents with low educational attainment (illiterate or primary school) compared with those with high educational attainment (middle school or above).
