Since 2007 migrants into the city (who make up more than half its population) have been able to apply for city hukou on the basis of points scored for educational qualifications, ownership of property, payments of social-security contributions and volunteer work (such as giving blood).
A complete socio-demographic questionnaire including determination of socio-economic status, educational level, ownership of the place of residence, number of rooms in the house, number of people living in the household beside siblings, source of water supply e.g. municipal water pipeline or bore water (ground water) and type of latrine in use, was obtained from the patients.
Diabetes was also positively related to betel nut use and indices of socioeconomic status in rural Bangladesh including educational attainment, TV ownership, and land ownership (p < 0.01).
In the 16 cities with more than 5m people, officials will be allowed to give hukou only to migrants who gain a certain number of points (in cities that have experimented with this, points are awarded on the basis of educational qualifications, property ownership and other factors that rule out most migrants).
In practice, anyone who wants a new hukou must satisfy a long list of qualifications, including educational attainment, property ownership, and community service.
It is an almost incorruptible digital ledger that can be used to record practically anything that can be digitized: birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, deeds and titles of ownership, educational degrees, medical records, contracts, and votes.
While reasons for fleeing their homelands differ, they have integrated quite seamlessly in terms of English language skills, educational endeavors, home ownership, wage growth, and other factors.
▶ Social factors: maternal age, socioeconomic group 10 and educational achievements, car ownership, housing tenure, crowding and ethnicity.
7 Socioeconomic position (SEP) is a broad term that encompasses a range of characteristics, including occupational type and employment status, purchasing capacity and ownership, educational level and deprivation.
Variables included gender, ethnicity, family size, employment type, educational status, home ownership status, household setting/conditions, household goods, income and debt.
