First, the intergenerational transmission is likely to be a cumulative process, thus the older the children become, the larger is the relationship between parental education and the educational outcome of their children.
Now let us compare the socially optimal stock of educated workers with the educational outcome induced by the market.
Equitable educational opportunities, educational process, and educational outcome are the three indicators of education equity (Castelli et al. 2012).
Using data from the TIES Survey, Schnell (2012) illustrated that parental assistance is significant in explaining the educational outcome in the highly stratified Austrian education system compared to France and Sweden.
Even though the Dutch students in this study found it less likely that they would reach the desired educational outcome, they still exhibited as strong preference for university education as the Swedish students.
And it's not clear that the educational outcome is better.
That's an educational outcome everyone embraces but that's hard to measure.
If not, as many argue, does it make sense to utilize standardized testing to measure educational outcome, attainment, or success?
So performance on tests is not the only worthwhile educational outcome; there are other pupil outcomes and classroom processes that can be influenced by class size.
"Most studies look at the negative consequences of having siblings in terms of educational outcome," said Donna Bobbitt-Zeher, the lead author of the study.
While understanding and promoting teacher excellence are necessary and overdue, the silence on all the other factors that determine educational outcome is deafening.
