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Several studies have estimated the effect of adding one year of compulsory education on average educational attainment for European countries.
There are large, statistically significant, differences in the parental education and household income levels between those that remain in school compared to those that leave: almost one year extra of parental education on average and more than 20% higher paternal earnings.
Second, note that Mestizos have more years of education on average than Indigenous; however, within Indigenous there are substantial differences in educational attainment.
US studies have found that patients' travel distances grow with their educational level, indicating a positive association between education and mobility: patients with higher education on average earn higher incomes and may be more likely to own a car, and are more likely to live in urbanized areas with access to public transport [ 4].
To make matters worse, the problem of youth unemployment seems to affect females disproportionately in spite of their higher levels of education on average.
The UK invests less public money in higher education on average than other competitor nations, and we now face the prospect of up to 30 universities closing, over 14,000 staff losing their jobs, and much larger class sizes.
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Among 837 MZ pairs, 498 had the same educational level, while 339 were discordant on education with on average 1.52 educational levels.
For example, the elasticities imply that a 4-year difference in parental education would on average imply 1.6 years more of education for the next generation in Costa Rica, while in Guatemala the equivalent figure would be 3.4 years.
In terms of the estimated beta-coefficient, an additional year of parental education increases on average the offspring's education by 0.65 years (or 0.61 if country dummies are included), a result consistent with the estimates found by Hertz et al. (2007) for a smaller sample of countries.
Among the urban poor, those with at least secondary level education have on average a 25%% higher odds of being HIV positive than their counterparts of similar characteristics with no formal education, while among the urban non-poor, the odds are on average 25%% lower.
No wonder many black students, according to the National Union of Students, have a demoralising experience in higher education and on average are leaving university with poorer results than white counterparts who entered with equal A-level grades.
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