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Research in science education has documented achievement gaps between men and women in math and physics that may reflect, in part, a response to perceived stereotype threat.
However, substantial research in biology education has documented that undergraduates in introductory-level courses have a number of alternative conceptions about cellular respiration and photosynthesis that are grounded in a failure to trace matter through biological systems (Wilson et al., 2006; Hartley et al., 2011; Maskiewicz et al., 2012; Parker et al., 2012, 2013).
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Earlier studies evaluating students' reactions toward distance education have documented feelings of loneliness and frustration, and have cautioned against a shift away from traditional modes of group learning.
Indeed, studies implementing RTOP in STEM lecture courses in higher education have documented a limited number of lectures with RTOP scores greater than 70 (Piburn et al., 2000; Ebert-May et al., 2011; Budd et al., 2013).
There is research that has documented how clients involved in clinical education can benefit from the experience [ 5].
In the last year, Senate hearings and news reports about abuses in the for-profit education industry have documented how millions of low-income students borrow heavily for training programs that often do not help them land good jobs.
Several studies of higher education institutions in Vietnam have documented that, like in other Asian countries, learners according to Confucian philosophy have strong beliefs in teacher's authority and have little experience in self-learning or studying independently (53, 54).
Critique of PhD education has been documented by the Evaluation Committee on PhD education in Sweden [ 5].
Level of maternal education has been documented as a determining factor in child undernutrition.
28 30 In FDG-PET studies, higher education has been documented as a proxy for brain functional reserve.
The finding is, nevertheless, consistent with studies that have documented weaker education gradients for other minority groups, e.g., Hispanics [ 22] and black immigrants [ 23].
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