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Smoothed versions of the synthetic edge samples were used to increase the training set variability.
Post-impacted samples near the crater have a hysteresis than that of edge samples at the minimum of CET-XY and the maximum of CET-XY.
For non-edge training samples, xedge=0 and x¬edge=1, whereas for edge samples, x¬edge=0 and xedge was trained with an estimate of the edge's local contrast c (with 1 being the maximum contrast).
Using only the luminance Y (ITU-R BT.601), as in the original experiments of SUSAN [21], is not appropriate because there are many edge samples that do not appear on the luminance channel, but only on the chrominance channels.
In the following section, the proposed approach is detailed, which was inspired by the related works on NPR, such as the synthetic edge samples used by Rajab, Woolfson and Morgan [48], and the noise-corrupted training samples used in the work of Becerikli and Demiray [5].
Successively, edge samples are detected according to the following algorithm [10]: step 1 - compute D ( s ) = α 1 ( s ) - α 2 ( s ) step 2 - for each s = ( x 0, y 0 ) so that - threshold < D ( s ) < threshold if D ( s ) = 0 then s is edge elseif D ( s ) ≥ 0 and D ( x 0 - 1, y 0 ) < 0 or D ( x 0 + 1, y 0 ) < 0 or D ( x 0, y 0 - 1 ) < 0 or D ( x 0, y 0 + 1 ) < 0 then s is edge.
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Kashtan, Itzkovita, Milo and Alon [ 3] proposed the Edge Sampling Algorithm (ESA), which unfortunately leads to sampling deviation and causes error.
One straightforward way is to collect independent samples via uniform node or edge sampling.
This paper proposed an equality approach to deal with the traceback problem, called the edge sampling algorithm with probability distribution fairness (ESA PDF), which reduces the convergence time of the conventional edge sampling algorithm.
In the conventional IP network, edge sampling is a well known traceback algorithm to countermeasure DoS/DDoS attacks.
Unfortunately, edge sampling is not effective enough for WSNs because it requires a lot of packets to reconstruct the attacking path, which may consume considerable energy and bandwidth.
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