Argentine ant abundance in edge plots varied greatly among years and sites.
The optical band gap values estimated from the optical band edge plots ((αhγ 2vs.
We also assessed the possible effect of plots position, where plots that delimited the experiment were assigned as edge plots and the remaining as core plots.
The most effective seed-collecting ant, Aphaenogaster rudis, was less common in forest edge plots relative to interior plots, and predation pressure by small mammals was almost twice as great in plots near forest edges.
The UV vis absorption spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers synthesized with and without surfactants show enhanced absorption in the low-wavelength region, and their optical band gaps were estimated from the optical band edge plots.
a Optical absorption spectrum of MBH-NON nanowhiskers; inset is the (αhγ 2vs.hγ plot with estimated optical band gap of about 4.15 eV, b Absorption spectra of MBH nanowhiskers synthesized with various surfactants; inset is the estimated optical band gaps determined from the optical band edge plots (not shown).
Second, mortality rates tended to decline somewhat with fragment age, at least among edge plots, which had the highest overall mortality rates (Figure 4B).
Likewise, edge plots had sharply elevated spatial variability in overall tree-community change (F18,20 = 17.76, P<0.0001), floristic trajectories 1 and 2 (both F18,20>9.08, P<0.0001), the abundance of pioneer and invasive trees (F32,32 = 11.59, P<0.00001), and tree-species turnover (F18,20 = 15.25, P<0.0001), relative to forest interiors (all F-tests comparing variances in edge vs. interior plots).
The distance between tree plots and the nearest forest edge was 200 758 m (mean = 394 m) for control plots, 0 m for edge plots, 72 248 m (mean = 154 m) for fragment plots, and 32 578 m (mean = 364 m) for secondary-growth forest plots.
All MPD values calculated for fragment and edge plots fell inside the overall range of the 5 to 65-yr-old chronosequence (0 to 210.2 million years), but four control plots (20%) had MPD values slightly over 210.2 million years (up to 218.3) (Figure 2A).
