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H2: Adrenocortical activity characteristic of an individual should match the environmental conditions/challenges it encounters in order for it to be successful at the leading edge of a range.
Several potential hypotheses (H) and associated predictions (P) are: H1: Modulation of adrenocortical activity (baseline, maximum and total corticosteroid released) in relation to resistance potential encountered in a novel habitat is key to success for individuals at the leading edge of a range.
However, a warming climate would be expected to cause relatively less stress to peripheral populations that inhabit the high-latitude or high-elevation leading edge of a range, because gene flow from central populations would introduce alleles pre-adapted to a warmer climate (Davis and Shaw 2001).
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Figure 2D shows the facilitation effect on the realized survival of a gap colonizer as a function of the distance to the gap edge for a range of environmental temperatures.
The warmer edges of a range might become too hot for a species to survive, while the cooler edge becomes more suitable.
The magnitude of change in bird density in response to broad-scale environmental change is generally greatest at the edge of a species' range, and environmental change that negatively affects species tends to result in a contraction of the range towards the core [28].
On the edge of a distribution range suitable habitat patches are likely to be more isolated than in the core of the range.
We suggest that one important determinant of density-distribution relationships is the geographical location of the study: on the edge of a distribution range, suitable habitat patches are likely to be more isolated than in the core of the range.
Studies have shown that crickets and other insects at the edge of a species' range evolve features that help them disperse, such as stronger flight muscles.
Likewise, the hypothesis proposes a reduced density near the edge of a species range due to the interplay between numerous biotic and abiotic aspects of the habitat that worsens or becomes more intense as a species range boundary is approached [26], [27], [28].
This research "adds to the evidence that studying long-established populations may not be a good predictor" of how a species responds to climate change, comments conservation biologist Chris Thomas of the University of Leeds, U.K. Taking into account those individuals at the leading edge of an expanding range may give a better overall view of how climate is affecting the species.
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