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In particular, both head and leg injury risk increase with increasing bumper lower height and depth, and decrease with increasing bonnet leading edge height, while pelvis injury risk increases with increasing bonnet leading edge height.
The normalised bonnet leading edge height (NBLEH) has a statistically significant influence on AIS2+ femur/pelvis injury occurrence.
However, the effects of bonnet leading edge height and windscreen design on head injury risk are complex and require further analysis.
A safe passenger car for overall pedestrian protection should have a wide and flat bumper (covering pedestrians' legs from the lower leg up to the shaft of the upper leg with generally even contacts), a bonnet leading edge height around 750 mm, a short bonnet (<800 mm) with a shallow or steep angle (either >17° or <12°) and a shallow windscreen (≤30°).
We introduce the issue of the step-edge-induced offset voltage radial dependence and confront it with the morphological analysis of the average step edge height and terrace width, all related to the place of origin of a specific sample within a 4-inch SiC wafer.
These include edge-shift (oxidation state) images and edge height (high contrast) images and spectra from user defined regions of interest.
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The bottom edge heights of SP 1 P 2, SP 2 P 3,⋯, SP k − 1 P k form the equations L 1, L 2,⋯,, L k − 1. 5.
The bottom edge heights of SP 1 P 2, SP 2 P 3,⋯, SP k − 1 P k form the equations L 1, L 2,⋯,, L k − 1. Next, we can get the intersection Q 1 of L 1 and L 2, Q 2 of L 2 and L 3,⋯, and Q k − 2 of L k − 2 and L k − 1.
The final Pt and Co geometric loadings were chosen to give 0.05 transmission spectra edge heights at the Pt L3 and Co K edges, respectively.
Bone morphometric software (QDR4500A Lateral Image Analyze, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) was used to measure anterior, central and posterior edge heights of each vertebra using the SXA images.
Beck Index (BI) and absolute heights (mm) with comparison to reference heights was favored over simply reporting kyphotic angles because crush fractures can display a simple overall height loss without kyphotic deformation and biconcave fractures can have a severe central height loss with relative maintenance of anterior and posterior edge heights without a kyphotic deformation either.
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