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Since plant communities determine ecosystem properties, by influencing plant interactions the effect of microbes goes beyond a local process such as competition to impact ecosystem function and services.
This elasticity means that ecosystem properties, such as changes in nutrient flow or the number of species, are more resilient due to changes in species composition.
Insects contribute greatly to feedback between ecosystem properties and environmental variation.
This type of approach is often inappropriate given the continuous nature of many ecosystem properties.
Management of arid lands for sustainability requires an understanding of ecosystem properties and processes.
Climate change is impacting upon global marine ecosystems and ocean wide changes in ecosystem properties are expected to continue.
