"Horses are stock animals recently introduced and are not characteristic of this area, but threaten ecosystem processes, ecosystems and species that are characteristic," he said on Friday.
But the repercussions extend beyond just bird biodiversity, as birds play vital roles in ecosystem processes such as decomposition, pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal.
The term "biodiversity" is used in this context largely as an assumed foundation for ecosystem processes.
In accord with this perspective is a shift to a focus on valuing ecosystem processes.
Moreover, exotic plant species displace native species through competition, changes in ecosystem processes, or allelopathic effects.
Organic carbon (OC) fractions play important roles in soil and many ecosystem processes.
Organic carbon fractions in soils play important roles in many ecosystem processes.
Therefore, various ecosystem processes have been limited to a few key processes represented by simplified conceptualisations.
Developing models that simulate complex ecosystem processes requires calibration and verification of the input variables.
In the ecosystem processes case, this has provided a prototype example of problems with attempts to value species-units.
Stable isotopes of water (18O and 2H) are tracers of ecosystem processes and in particular of water vapour sources.
