To manage these systems, ecosystem managers needed an iterative process that acknowledged complexity and uncertainty, emphasized ongoing learning, and allowed for continuous stakeholder input.
Biggs also studied innovations in ecosystem management and how transformations in the mindsets of ecosystem managers take place, using an approach drawn from the social sciences.
As are many other ecosystem managers, conservationists are faced with considerable uncertainties and risks regarding their management objectives, among which climate change and invasive alien species are of increasing concern (Leung et al. 2012).
We analyze the allocation of (endogenous) risk and ecosystem quality by risk averse ecosystem managers who have access to financial insurance, and study the implications for individually and socially optimal ecosystem management, and policy design.
Third, hierarchical patch dynamics indicates that pattern and process operate on multiple scales and, thus, conservation, ecological restoration, and ecosystem managers must consider factors beyond the target patch, and the landscape context in which the ecosystem resides cannot be ignored.
However, most existing environmental policies consider ecosystems' desirable properties as given, leading ecosystem managers to favor "turnkey" solutions.
Ecologists, ecosystem managers and ecological engineers often seek to identify which components of an ecosystem are most important to its functioning.
However, sufficient quantitative assessment of IMTA is still lacking for decision makers, ecosystem managers and farmers to promote the application of IMTA in open-water systems.
Such predictions are needed to explore the implications of alternative hypotheses, anticipate the outcomes of possible experimental designs, and provide decision support to ecosystem managers.
The described approach aims to assist ecosystem managers in the development of a modelling tool that may be used to summarise and interpret large sets of disparate data that may result from monitoring practices.
