We use a spatially explicit, individual-based, simulation framework, with a strong emphasis on the behavioural ecology of insects, to explore the factors that influence the population regulatory effect of agro-ecosystem diversification.
By teaching these four central points about coevolution to the next generation of students and researchers, we would go a long way toward helping them understand the importance of coevolution in the organization of ecosystems and the diversification of life.
Coral reefs are hotspots of biodiversity, yet processes of diversification in these ecosystems are poorly understood.
Such climatic oscillations, with resultant long-distance migrations of whole ecosystems, could have promoted the diversification of willows that are concentrated in relatively cool habitats and that currently comprise over 400 species [ 78, 79].
Deciphering these two processes for individual radiations is imperative to understand diversification in tropical ecosystems, as both niche conservatism and niche divergence appear to play a major role in amphibian speciation [ 32, 33].
The timing of these rapid basal divergences falls within the range of dates associated with the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (125 80 Ma) [ 60], an interval when many familiar floral and faunal groups – such as mammals [ 61, 62], birds [ 61, 63], and angiosperms [ 64] – appear to have experienced accelerated and widespread diversification in terrestrial ecosystems.
The model suggests that the spatial arrangement of components in cultivar mixtures has to accord with the dispersal characteristics of the pathogen in order to increase the efficiency of diversification strategies in agro-ecosystems and forestry.
It suggests that cancer evolves by a process of clonal expansion, diversification, and selection within the tissue ecosystems.
The evolution of modern terrestrial ecosystems is inseparably tied to the origin and diversification of amniote vertebrates [1].
However, divergent selection between distinct environments is probably the best understood cause of ecological speciation [2] and has been proposed as a major contributing factor to the diversification of species in environmentally heterogeneous ecosystems such as tropical rainforests [7].
