Given these pressures and management challenges, if ICZM in the broader sense is to be achieved, insights are needed into the combined ecological and socioeconomic (valuation) system of the whole Wadden Sea area in order to design science-based management support and monitoring systems.
Irrespective of this ecological debate, monetary valuation dominates natural resource conservation management decision- and policy-making.
The topics discussed include anthropocentrism; biotechnology; bioprospecting; biocultural assimilation; deep and radical ecology; ecological debt; ecological democracy; ecological footprints; ecological modernization; feminism and gender; globalization; participatory research; place, identity, and legal rights; precaution; risk society; selective victimization; and valuation.
Economic approaches to the valuation of ecological services have several limitations.
The UN environment programme will also be strengthened, and studies will begin on alternatives to GDP as a measure of national wellbeing, and the valuation of ecological services.
The freely available online tool addresses, on the one hand, the complexity of the environmental impacts of buildings and settlements including embodied energy and on the other hand, the mobility of the inhabitants and the necessity to provide ecological and socio-economic valuation on the base of a coherent data set.
In addition, the work highlights the shortcomings of applying transferable values to multi-functional habitat types, calling for a closer consideration of social-ecological contexts in the valuation of ecosystem services.
The paper concludes that "mass media campaign" has to be completed by environmental literacy programs, to improve people's awareness and understanding of what biodiversity means from ecological functioning, then making economic valuation a useful tool from a conservation perspective.
His recent work includes global and regional assessments of the social and ecological impacts of marine conservation, valuation of economic dependence on coral reefs, and developing cost-effective approaches for monitoring socioecological systems in capacity-limited regions.
