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As hot deserts are extreme habitats characterized by the availability of solar energy with a nearly complete absence of organic life and water, space technology achievements in designing closed ecological systems may be applicable to the design of sustainable settlements in the deserts.
Dynamical behaviors of ecological systems may be affected by many factors such as time delay, variable yield and functional response.
The impact on individual hosts is sometimes greater for pests and pathogens with more specialized host ranges (Agudelo-Romero and Elena 2008), whereas the impacts on ecological systems may be differ depending on whether the pests are more specialized or have broader host ranges (Shearer et al. 2007; Dyer et al. 2010).
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Through an evaluation of the relative balance between institutional continuity and change, social-ecological systems may be typified in a state of persistence (continuity > change), adaptation (continuity ~ change) or transformation (continuity < change) (Herrfahrdt-Pahle and Pahl-wostl 2012).
Many types of ecological or social systems may be highly resilient, but result in reduced ecological condition or social wellbeing.
14 15 In socio-ecological terms, the term whole systems may be conceptualised as nested cycles of system development, degradation or restoration.
"The systems may be different," she said.
But the system may be beyond fixing.
Your old operating system may be deleted!
The EPA must defend the safety not only of human beings but of the natural environment – plants and ecological systems that may be exposed to a regulated material.
When these factors are integrated into development programs and projects, not only do local communities benefit in the short-term, but the long-term resilience of human-ecological systems also may be strengthened (Berkes and Folke 1998; Stevens 1997).
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