Here, we discuss the economic, environmental and social considerations affecting predator-driven ecological restoration programmes, and suggest approaches for reducing the undesirable impacts of predators.
We call for focused research on them as these trees of ancient heritage have value for agricultural, agroforestry and ecological restoration programmes going forward.
If they underrate the valuable expertise of fieldworkers and field botanists, we stand to lose one of the most highly regarded ecological monitoring programmes in Europe and the world.
Increasingly, consideration is being given to the movement of individuals, populations and species across landscapes to enhance or maintain biodiversity, either as part of ecological restoration programmes or to increase the number or size of populations of threatened species.
The Countryside Surveys of Great Britain, a national ecological, surveillance programme initiated in the late 1970s, provides information about the change in extent and ecological condition of field boundaries.
This provided local ecologists with the ideal conditions to develop an ambitious ecological research programme in the bombed-out wastelands of West Berlin, says Jens Lachmund, a sociologist at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands and the author of Greening Berlin: the Co-production of Science, Politics, and Urban Nature.
Ecological conservation monitoring programmes abound at various organisational and spatial levels from species to ecosystem.
Although commonly accepted, this idea has not yet fully percolated into biological conservation programmes and ecological research agendas6.
Historical baseline data such as these are needed for modern forest management, conservation programmes and ecological restoration projects.
IM ascribes to a social ecological paradigm, acknowledging that programmes can target behavioural and/or environmental factors, and that determinants of health are both personal and environmental.
