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Both test designs predicted that D. semipunctata is within the ecological host range of the two parasitoid species, whereas field evidence suggests this is a false positive result.
The fungus has ecological host specificity, and in natural soils can only associate with white pine, a grouping of trees classified in subgenus Strobus of the genus Pinus.
Second, most information about host range of biocontrol agents is based on laboratory experiments, and it is well established that the ecological host range (i.e. specificity of an organism in nature) can differ greatly from laboratory host range, the latter being usually broader.
The varying degrees of reproductive isolation among the D. mojavensis subspecies, and between D. mojavensis and D. arizonae, have facilitated use of this system as a model to study incipient speciation and the chronology of lineage divergence processes that accompany ecological host shifts.
While we currently have no clear examples of herbivores or pathogens that have shifted onto introduced hosts through evolutionary processes (i.e., requiring genetic change), there are many cases of ecological host shifts, which then might be followed by adaptation of the herbivore or pathogen to utilize those hosts more effectively (reviewed in Parker and Gilbert 2004; e.g., Carroll et al. 2005).
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We then investigated the ecological status (host plant and host insect ranges in the field, and host insect suitability tests) and the biological status (cross-mating tests) of the three lineages.
The project of an environmental enhancer for the Nogara mare highway in Veneto (Italy) provides the unique chance to bring together ecological thinking, host interaction and active materials.
Bacterial pathogens often show significant intraspecific variations in ecological fitness, host preference and pathogenic potential to cause infectious disease.
In addition, patterns of gene deletion in S. Cerro ST367 further support adaptation of this clone to a unique ecological or host related niche.
Species of the genus Mycobacterium differ in several features, from geographic ranges, and degree of pathogenicity, to ecological and host preferences.
These unknown genetic factors may have been lost, mutated, or decayed in LIII as the genomes evolved, resulting in a defective phenotype for LIII isolates in certain ecological and host niches.
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