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Aside from the coupling of synchronized molting and reproduction, another ecological function has been proposed for the aggregation of exuviae.
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N. attenuata's direct and indirect defenses, their biosynthesis and ecological functions have been characterized in detail over two decades of research (reviewed in Schuman and Baldwin, 2012).
In ecological literature the term "ecosystem function" has been subject to various, sometimes contradictory, interpretations [18].
RAID function has been disabled.
In riverine landscapes, many of these ecological and biogeochemical functions have been found to be maximized in riparian areas with discharge of upland-originating groundwater (GW).
These functions have been linked to ecological nutrient cycling, symbiosis, pathogenesis, and cardiovascular disease.
In Taiwan, urban parks have mainly cared for demands associated with recreational use and landscape aesthetics, while ecological functions have often been neglected.
The social, economic, and ecological impact has been catastrophic".
The depletion of non-renewable natural exergy resources (the thermo-ecological cost) has been accepted as the objective function for thermo-ecological optimization.
Owing to its significance for ecosystem functioning, CWD has been recognized as an indicator of ecological sustainable forest management (MCPFE 2003).
Trees in the city not only have an ornamental function but also a role in improving the ecological function in urban ecosystems that has been substantially disturbed by human activities such as environmental pollution.
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