It is an area filled with sacred spaces, geological and ecological formations and numerous resources required in the practice of traditional ceremonies.
As communities, regulatory agencies, and policy-makers plan for rising seas, it is important to recognize the landscapes of race and deep histories of racism that have shaped the socio-ecological formations of coastal regions.
These spaces often host socio-ecological formations and functions that are both irregular and unexpected in urban settings, rendered invisible by the disciplining of modern Western aesthetic expectations concerning what is desirable and appropriate in cities.
Therefore, a central prediction of ecological species formation is that ecologically divergent pairs of populations will exhibit greater levels of reproductive isolation than ecologically similar populations of the same age [ 13].
Two central predictions of ecological species formation [ 13] are 1) ecologically divergent pairs of populations will exhibit greater levels of RI than ecologically similar pairs of populations of similar age; and 2) traits under divergent selection, or those genetically correlated with them, should incidentally affect RI (e.g. mate preference, hybrid fitness).
These life history traits may slow or prevent ecological lineage formation among populations.
A multiple linear regression analysis has established significant relationships between economic, urban and ecological variables: the formation of networks of cities enables economies to concentrate knowledge, achieve greater efficiency in resource consumption (energy), higher productivity (GDP) and lower entropy (less CO2 emissions, better functional structure of the landscape).
In this context, research on the ecological and evolutionary formation of communities can potentially help us analyze an emergent problem, the impact of alien species on native communities [8], [9].
The evolutionary process by which ecological diversification drives species formation, known as ecological speciation, involves the establishment of barriers to gene flow through ecologically-based divergent selection [ 3, 4].
The desirable formation of ecological engineers remains unclear.
