In ecological studies, complementarity effects occur because genetically different individuals compete less intensely for limiting resources than genetically similar individuals and as such, the overall productivity of a genetically heterogeneous population is higher than that of a genetically homogenous population [17].
Data on more groups and populations and on responses of lower-ranging saddleback tamarins would be needed to gain clearer insight into mechanisms and ecological relevance of complementarity of antipredator behavior in species participating in MSG.
In particular, if the nested structure of mutualistic networks reflects the ecological effects of co-evolutionary complementarity, we would expect weaker degrees of nestedness in comensalistic networks.
We summarize some of the metrics used to compare the performance of monocultures and polycultures and describe how they are used to evaluate the degree of competition versus complementarity in both agricultural and ecological experiments.
This 'agro-ecological' approach aims to identify and enhance functional complementarity and limit competition within the multi-specific or multi-genotypic material associated in mixtures since using plant biodiversity should contribute to improving grassland resistance and resilience.
Further analysis could be made in terms of the complementarity of species assemblages and their relationship to ecological systems and levels of protection, whose results could further guide priorities.
Also, we suggest that the negative impacts of logging on biodiversity may be reduced if forestry practice is adjusted to better account for the ecological values of maturing production stands, through spatially explicit modeling of connectivity and of complementarity in the protection gradient.
The complementarity of these datasets provides information on both the spatial and the ecological distribution of taxa and an assessment of γ-diversity.
To investigate underlying ecological or physiological principles guiding stand dynamics, we recommend that species combinations consider both potential species complementarity as well as combinations where no complementarity is expected.
This study compares the performance of two commonly used indicators of biodiversity conservation priority, irreplaceability and complementarity, as tools to support planning for iterative investment to protect natural regrowth of Brigalow, an endangered ecological community in subtropical eastern Australia.
