In the present study, an ecological assay was performed using model systems with increasing complexity: a monospecies assay using Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli separately, a duospecies assay using both microorganisms, and a multispecies assay using activated sludge with or without spiked P. aeruginosa.
We advocate the use of large-scale field bio-inventories, combined with molecular gut-content assays and ecological network analysis as regular components of the preparation and design phases of all future risk-assessment programs.
Generation of a complete plastome sequence from representative species can hence provide information related to evolutionary history, and permit the development of sequence-based tools such as molecular genetic marker assays for ecological studies and DNA barcode-based diagnostics for species identification.
To study the accumulation and contamination of heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in soil, air, and water, few insect species were assayed as ecological indicators.
Obviously, the above hypotheses, based solely on bioinformatic analysis of transcriptome sequences, need further investigations, in particular ecological experiments and functional protein assays, to functionally link the proposed candidate genes to the observed traits.
In addition to complex relationships between omic responses and ecological outcome, standardized, validated exposure assay and analysis procedures are lacking (Ankley et al. 2006).
Growing databases of genome sequences are of significant interest for improving the designs of specific detection assays, conducting epidemiological and ecological studies, microbial forensics [ 58] and classification of novel bacterial isolates.
The subfunctionalization of ERs presents an interesting challenge to the use of in vitro estrogen screening assays as ecological risk assessment tools for aquatic environments.
cytotoxicity assay (haemolytic and brine shrimp assays), to monitor the ecological risk of the contaminated area.
Although parasites are treated as a selective force acting on the immune system, few studies within ecological immunology use parasite-specific assays of immune function [15].
