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Scanning was performed using an echo transducer of 30 MHz in frequency.
This device enables continuous measurement of descending thoracic aorta blood velocity (Doppler transducer) and measures the real aortic diameter (M-mode echo transducer) [ 13].
Esophageal Doppler monitoring measurements were obtained using the Hemosonic 100 device (Arrow International, Inc., Reading, PA, USA), which enables continuous measurement of descending thoracic aorta blood velocity (Doppler transducer) and of aortic diameter (M-mode echo transducer).
The manufacturers of oesophageal Doppler devices have solved this problem either by incorporating an M-mode echo transducer into their probe in order to measure aortic diameter instantaneously (HemoSonic, Arrow) or by providing a nomogram to estimate the cross-sectional area of the descending aorta based on the patient's age, weight and height (CardioQ, Deltex Medical Ltd; and Waki, Atys Medical).
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A novel semi-empirical scattering model of trabecular bone facilitating its characterization and allowing optimization of the interrogating pulse-echo transducer performance was developed.
Pulse-echo ultrasonic transducers are being developed to image subsurface microstructure in metal and non-metal (ceramic) materials and components.
Given the complex structure of the bones and the tissues, the echoes from the ultrasound transducer show a quite complex structure as well.
Echoes returning to the transducer are added up by the US machine [ 7].
Smaller particles in the tissue may cause scattering of sound, which will also cause acoustic energy to be echoed back to the transducer.
After processing and depth conversion, the echoes received by the transducer are displayed as brightness versus depth on the ultrasound monitor, so-called B-mode imaging.
When the transmitted ultrasound pulse encounters objects with different acoustic properties, some of the energy of the transmitted sound pulse is echoed back to the transducer.
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