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The Doppler shift of echo frequency results from the movement of the wing increasing and decreasing the frequency of the returning echo as they beat toward and away from the bat (Schnitzler and Denzinger, 2011; Fenton et al., 2012).
Instead of using 'signal intensity', a number of papers have reported the use of ultrasound reflection coefficient [ 7], integrated reflection coefficient [ 8], and echo frequency spectrum [ 9] to assess cartilage degeneration.
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Design considerations included use of selective composite excitation and adiabatic refocusing radio-frequency (RF) pulses to address B1 inhomogeneities, twice-refocused spin echo techniques, frequency-modulated pulses to sharply define suppressed regions, and pulse sequence designs to improve SNR in multi-slice scans.
The edge statistics feature, which is the eighth component of the eight bin magnitude histogram, echoes the frequency of high intensity pixels in the nucleus texture.
They are lower than normal echo-location frequencies but they are still a bit above our hearing.
Because we use the general echo model in frequency domain, the CS matrix Ψ is also the function of the general transmitted signal in frequency domain P(ω m ).
Until now, we get the general echo model in frequency domain.
The acoustic data were acquired with a single beam ground discrimination system (QTC VIEW, Series V), connected to a dual frequency echo sounder (50 and 200 kHz).
In [6], Gustaffson et al. used a single perceptually motivated weighted rule to suppress both noise and residual echo in a frequency domain.
For the first echo, the working frequency is 21.39 MHz, the bandwidth is 0.16 MHz, the pulse repetition period is 0.1S, and the pulse accumulation number is 512.
In Section 3, a new CS matrix is constructed for the CS imaging based on the above general echo model in frequency domain.
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