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The storm begins as a tropical disturbance, which typically occurs when loosely organized cumulonimbus clouds in an easterly wave begin to show signs of a weak circulation.
Given favourable conditions, an easterly wave may intensify and contract horizontally, ultimately resulting in the characteristic circulation of a tropical cyclone.
Hurricane Fred formed from what we call an African easterly wave — an area of low pressure that moves west off the coast of Africa in the trade winds that can serve as the seed for hurricane formation.
They often begin as a small storm thunderstorm cluster moving off the coast of Africa or an area of low pressure known as an easterly wave in the Atlantic.
Akasaka (2010) suggested that the early approach of an easterly wave might trigger an early monsoon onset in the Philippines.
Operationally, the system was treated as an easterly wave until it moved through the Bahamas.
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Most of the tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific begin as easterly waves.
The mountains of Mexico and Central America modify easterly waves that move through the Caribbean and into the eastern Pacific.
Infrared images show the temperatures of cloud tops, thus allowing the loosely organized convection associated with easterly waves to be detected by the presence of cold, high clouds.
They travel from east to west more or less concurrently with high-level easterly waves and bursts of speed from the easterly jet, causing a local strengthening of the low-level monsoonal flow.
An ITCZ displaced to the north provides optimal conditions for cyclogenesis promotion from African easterly waves (AEWs) in the hurricane main development region (MDR, defined as (5° 20°N, 15° 85°W)), which results in anomalously high TC activity13,14,15.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com