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Increased expression of fatty acid synthase has been associated with the early steps of human mammary carcinogenesis [ 32].
Cultures of differentiating pluripotent stem cells such as human embryonic stem cells (hESC) or human-induced pluripotent stem cells (Leist et al. 2008a; Thomson et al. 1998; Takahashi et al. 2007) offer unique possibilities of studying the very early steps of human development that lead to the formation of germ layers and primordial tissues.
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Id-1 plays a role in the early step of human carcinogenesis, for example, in melanoma and cervical cancer, whereas id-1 expression is markedly different between in situ and invasive breast carcinoma (Lin et al, 2000; Polsky et al, 2001; Schindl et al, 2001).
The implications of pannexin-1 and purinergic receptors in the early steps of infection of human primary CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages have been confirmed by others.
To determine which pathways govern the early steps of CIN in human carcinogenesis, a comparison of these models to chromosome alterations in tumor samples might yield important clues.
Besides genetically modified mice and ex vivo heart explants, ESCs provide a cellular model to study the early steps of valve development and might constitute a human therapeutic cell source for decellularized tissue-engineered valves.
Meanwhile, a study focusing on the early steps of HIV-1 infection revealed >200 genes in human 293T cells that may facilitate HIV infection.
Previously, we demonstrated that miR-126 is both highly expressed and functionally active within the murine and human HSC compartments, with progressive downregulation during early steps of hematopoietic commitment.
From a recent screening of an RNA interference library in cells defective in the early steps of metastasis (migration and invasion), KLF17 was identified as a metastasis suppressor in human breast cancer.
In this study, human SGBS pre-adipocytes were used to investigate the regulation of nuclear receptor gene expressions during early steps of adipocyte differentiation.
More noteworthy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was shown to trigger an immediate cytoplasmic redistribution of PML that might interfere with the early steps of viral replication [23].
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