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Although the total zinc content in the control cells and the activin A treated cells was lower than that of pluripotent and early differentiated cells, respectively, from the earlier experiments, this was expected due to the reduced serum content in the media for activin A experiments [29].
Identification of LIF targets and of genes regulating the transition between pluripotent and early differentiated cells is a critical step for understanding the control of ES cell pluripotency.
By contrast, mRNA levels of keratins 1 (Krt1) and 10 (Krt10), markers of transit amplifying cells and early differentiated cells in the epidermis [ 52, 53], were somewhat lower in Sod2−/− skin, although this difference was not statistically significant.
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It is likely that our assay captured the earliest responding pluripotency genes, because we compared pluripotent cells and the corresponding earliest differentiated cells cultured under the same conditions.
In rice, this mechanism is likely conserved given that OsSCR1 is also expressed in endoderm/cortex initial cells and in early differentiated endodermal cells (Ni et al., [2014]).
These results are consistent with the data obtained in lens tissue, as the epithelial cell layer that contains an INB has been shown to be transcriptionally active at a low level, whereas differentiated fibre cells, which do not exhibit an INB, are either transcriptionally highly active (early differentiated fibre cells) or transcriptionally silent (late fibre cells).
At E12.5, the pancreatic epithelium in the mouse is composed mainly of multipotent pancreatic progenitors that express PDX1 and some early differentiated endocrine cells containing glucagon [ 13].
However, CD24 is not a suitable therapeutic target; instead we suggest here new potential targets accounting for early differentiated cancer cells tumorigenic capacity.
What is the optimal compromise between minimization of mutation accumulation and early production of differentiated cells, and what is the resulting optimal stem-cell cycling speed?
Therefore, both minimization of mutation accumulation and early production of differentiated cells are important performance objectives for the worm germ line.
This strategy, which we refer to as the pedigree-depth quasi-minimization strategy hereafter, can lead to a highly balanced pedigree tree while allowing early production of differentiated cells and small progenitor pool size (Fig. 2c).
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