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Yochelson considered this specimen to represent the earliest representative of the Patellogastropoda and therefore a gastropod rather than a monoplacophoran.
Although Yochelson (1988) considers this specimen to represent the earliest representative of the Patellogastropoda, I would argue that the Y-shape structure on the posterior margin of the steinkern represents the efferent mantle vessel, probably homologous with the circumpallial veins of the Pleurotomarioidea, Haliotoidea, Fissurelloidea, and Patellogastropoda.
Given the topology recovered in the present analysis (Figure 2), Limnofregata represents the earliest representative of Steganopodes, and suggests that the lineages leading to Fregatidae and Suloidea diverged by the early Eocene.
This species is therefore the earliest representative of this lineage, previously documented as early as the Lower Permian [ 33- 35].
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Nonetheless, among the genera that may have been included in this wave of dispersal were the earliest representatives of Lutra (which may represent Lontra, given that New World river otters have been reclassified into Lontra) and Mustela, both of which are first recorded in North America from the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (~5.9-4.6 MYA [ 19]).
The ancestors of today's frogs and toads crawled out of the water some four hundred million years ago, and by two hundred and fifty million years ago the earliest representatives of what became the modern amphibian clades — one includes frogs and toads, a second newts and salamanders — had evolved.
However, since the earliest representatives of Au. afarensis were dated to approximately 3.75 million years ago, there remained a large gap in time between the last common ancestor that humans shared with chimpanzees (7 million years ago) and the emergence of Au. afarensis.
Consideration of adapoids to be Haplorhini, as tarsioids are, helps to explain why the earliest representatives of both groups are so similar and sometimes confused.
These two ancestral genera, the earliest representatives of Ommatidae in the fossil record, are assigned to a new tribe Pronotocupedini, as the sister group of all other ommatids.
The middle Miocene bovids Pseudoeotragus seegrabensis and Eotragus sansaniens have been proposed as some of the earliest representatives of stem Antilopinae and stem Bovinae, respectively [ 83, 84].
However, the earliest animal fossils are known from ~600 Ma [ 10- 12] and the earliest representatives of the "plant lineage", such as green algae [ 13] and red algae [ 14], from even earlier (1000 – 750 Ma and 1200 Ma, respectively).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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