Sentence examples for earliest mutations in from inspiring English sources

Dr. Underhill finds that the earliest mutations in his Y chromosome tree are found at high frequency among the Khoisan and also among the Oromo and Amhara peoples of Ethiopia.

Previous research published in 2008 found that the earliest mutations in the eye-colour genes that led to the evolution of blue eyes probably occurred about 10,000 years ago in individuals living in around the Black Sea.

Furthermore, a substantial number of early mutations in HIV are reversions of viral adaptations to non-adapted or wildtype virus in the absence of the selecting immune pressure [14] suggesting a fast rate of forward and reverse mutations relative to HCV.

Thus, in contrast to type I tumours, type II tumours are frequently characterized by early mutations in TP53.

The niche serves as a crucible---early mutations in a cancer genealogy must also achieve fixation by occurring in the single stem cell that attains crypt clonal dominance.

It is tempting to postulate that these genes are under strong purifying selection because early mutations in the somatic line may have a large impact.

The effect of these rare, early mutations in the overall mutant distribution can be seen as a departure from a Poisson process.

This confirms that C>T mutations at CpG dinucleotides, termed "signature A," contributes a large proportion of the early mutations in these cancers, and relatively few late in the evolution of the tumors.

Future work will be needed, in a larger set of TNBC patients, to determine if: (1) tetraploidy through chromosome loss is a common mechanism of genome evolution; (2) large numbers of private mutations are common in tumor subpopulations; (3) tumor subpopulations are often geographically segregated with the tumor mass; and (4) early mutations in TP53 drive tumor growth in breast cancer.

We note that highly pleiotropic (but non- rpoB) mutations have been observed in early stages of adaptation to ethanol stress [ 46] and glycerol minimal media [ 47], suggesting that early mutations in adaptation are commonly involved in transcriptional regulation with large fitness and pleiotropic effects [ 48, 49].

Previous investigations of the molecular epidemiology of kidney cancer have focused attention on cases classified on the basis of mutations in the VHL gene which has been recognized for many years as a source of common early mutations in the development of this disease [ 21, 22].