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The right field, moreover, appears darker than when illuminated alone it has been inhibited by the earlier stimulus (paracontrast).
It was unclear how much of that figure was new spending and how much was included in earlier stimulus packages, like the $50 billion proposal announced in October.
But the earlier stimulus made a big difference, even if it couldn't erase the impact of the worst financial crisis in decades.
Many more countries, such as Germany, will see budget deficits rise as parts of earlier stimulus packages kick in.Elsewhere tighter budgets are at hand, even in weak economies.
With taxes rising and earlier stimulus programs expiring, there is a danger that a program of fiscal consolidation could tip the economy back into a recession, or near one.
The phaseout of an earlier stimulus program cost the United States an estimated half a percentage point in growth last year, and could further reduce potential gains in 2012.
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Time profiles with a downward change can encourage the dynamics to shift toward the steady state, thus settling the response and removing the memory of earlier stimuli.
Hintzman (2011) argues that these complex memory traces incorporate the earlier stimuli into the representations of the later episode through recursive reminding and this incorporation results in the mnemonic benefits seen for related items.
To investigate this point further we used an alternative approach involving the transfer function that modelled the effect of the most recent stimulus having allowed for the effect of earlier stimuli on the evoked activity in each subject.
In the particular task used, the reward probabilities increase towards the end of the multistep sequence, resulting in the highest discounted sum of future reward in the centre from which the lower predictions arising from earlier stimuli are subtracted.
Mr. Krueger, who first joined the administration amid the recession, helped design other early stimulus proposals, including the "cash for clunkers" rebate for new-car purchasers, the Build America Bonds program to finance infrastructure projects and a credit fund for small businesses.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com