An earlier bridge over the Mott Haven yards was closed to traffic in 1988 because of deterioration and demolished in 1992.
The gorge is crossed at the northeast angle of the city by the el-Kantara Bridge, a modern 420-foot (130-metre) structure built on the site of earlier bridges.
The southern end of Tampa Bay itself is crossed by the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, a 4-mile (6-km) cable-stayed bridge (completed 1987) that was built to replace an earlier bridge damaged by a freighter in 1980.
The Potomac River bridges that connect Washington and Virginia have proved to be largely inadequate in number and capacity, though this situation has been relieved somewhat by the six-lane Woodrow Wilson Bridge connecting Alexandria, Virginia, to Prince George's county, Maryland (completed in 2008 and replacing an earlier bridge of the same name).
Commuting times have been increasing anyway, rising to 23.5 minutes in 1997 from 20.2 minutes in 1977, and the earlier bridge and tunnel crossings might simply mean that higher housing costs in the areas closer to New York City are pushing people farther and farther out, increasing commuting times, Mr. Jacobs said.
It is also not clear if this Series A includes an earlier bridge round of approximately $2.5m announced in September.
Echoing the academies' earlier Bridges to Independence report, it recommends a new program to award 5-year grants supporting independent research to 200 top early-career scientists each year.
The highway originally crossed the Columbia River on an earlier bridge built in 1908.
Opened in 1906, it replaced an earlier bridge, originally known as Regent Bridge but later renamed Vauxhall Bridge, built between 1809 and 1816 as part of a scheme for redeveloping the south bank of the Thames.
Earlier bridge building techniques involved fabricating the main cables at a factory, transporting them to the bridge site, and then stretching the heavy cables over the gap to erect them over the bridge.
