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Each translator produced a forward translation of the original instrument into the target language without mutual consultation.
The better their evaluations are, the higher each translator's overall score, which in turn allows them to take on more translation requests.
One reason is that there is no definitive text: each translator has four variants to work from.
Each translator for the source text contains a "topic space" which is a common subspace to associate the data for translation.
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Each translation was back-translated by professional translators.
The first translation was made by two of the researchers (CG, AE), one of whom was a RN specializing in anesthesia (CG), in order to reduce the potential bias of each forward translator.
After two forward translations (T1 and T2) were completed, both translators met to review each translation.
The three PROMs were each translated into Dutch by two translators who are native Dutch speakers.
Each translated document was reviewed by two translators who compared the translations to develop a best final version.
Each translation process was conducted by independent professional translators.
Two translators translated the CM and RAS from English to French separately and then two other translators translated each of the measurements backward from French to English for discussion with the English speaking authors of the CM and RAS.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com