Results are presented as dimensionless units for each isotope standardised to counts of Ca, an accepted technique in the absence of matrix-matched standards [ 87].
23 This centile is the FVC of each participant, standardised to the NHANES III population-based distribution of normal lung function.
SMRs were calculated for each Trust (standardised by age, sex, deprivation and stage) and a scaled difference from 'SMR = 1' was determined for each Trust by dividing by the square root of the Trust size.
BMI, defined as weight (kg)/height(m), was calculated for each age, standardised by its sex specific distribution and converted to z-scores using the Lambda (variance) Mu (mean) Sigma (skewness) method [ 30].
Figure 4 (right) shows a Baujat plot [ 32, 33] of the data; on the horizontal axis is the contribution of each study to the overall Q statistic in equation (3), on the vertical axis is the difference between the fixed effect estimate with and without each study, standardised by the total variance of the fixed effect estimate without that study.
To assist with analysis the duration of each call was standardised into five segments (each reflecting a given 20percentnt of the call) from the start of an established call to the end.
Aligner cleaning times for each strategy were standardised at 5 min, and each disinfection procedure was performed by the patient at home twice a day.
Each indicator was standardised by subtracting the sample mean from each country's value and dividing by the sample SD.
The PDs of each phage were standardised by the largest and smallest distances in the bacterial local phylogeny, so that the phylogenetic distance across bacteria was in the interval [0,1] within each sampled patch.
Relative fluorescence, and absorbance, of each sample was standardised to the sample's total protein concentration as determined by the Quick Start Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad).
First, we standardised each of the predictors, PSA/PSC and NW (ZPSA/ZPSC, ZNW).
