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The relation between the specimen curvature and the strain energy due to the residual stress was theoretically investigated and the mode II energy release rate for each specimen was calculated using measured specimen curvature.

The total amount of antibiotic eluted from each specimen was calculated by summing up data from all time points.

(2) From the parameters, the hazard for each specimen was calculated and the specimen's survival curve was determined.

The total current required for each specimen was calculated on the basis of the total steel surface area, using corrosion current density of 2.0 mA/cm2.0

The relative dynamic modulus (RDM) for each specimen was calculated from the fundamental transverse frequency using the following equation supplied by Olson Instruments: {text{RDM}},=,frac{{f_{n}^{2} }}{{f_{0}^{2} }} times 100;% (1 where ( f_{0}^ ) is the fundamental transverse frequency measured at zero cycles and ( f_{n}^ ) is the fundamental transverse frequency measured at n cycles.

Number of copies of plus-strand RNA in each specimen was calculated on the standard curve.

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The values of hardness changes (HC) and elastic modulus changes (EC) of each specimen were calculated according to the following formula: HC1 represents the percentage change of nanohardness between baseline and after bleaching: {mathrm{HC}}_1 = left({H}_{mathrm{bleaching}}-{H}_{mathrm{baseline}}right)/{H}_{mathrm{baseline}}.

The virus titres expressed as the TCID50 of each specimen were calculated by the Reed Muench method.

The concentration of each cytokine or growth factor in each plasma specimen was calculated from the standard curve and reported in pg/ml.

Absorption levels at 450 nm were measured within 1 h and the amount of aMTS6 in each urine specimen was calculated following the manufacturer's instructions.

The three-dimensional surface area of each BCS specimen was calculated using the derived formula of the surface area of an ellipsoid [ 18, 19].

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