For each country, a respective index varies from a score of zero (poorest policy) to a score of 50 (best policy) (see Additional file 1: Table S2 and [ 38]).
For binary extraction, biometric discretization can be described as a two-stage mapping process: Each segmented feature space is first mapped to the respective index of a quantization interval; subsequently, the index of each interval is mapped to a unique n-bit codeword in a Hamming space.
Using linear regression methods, the difference in total cost per patient over the 3 years for each multimorbid group was compared with the respective index conditions assessed, adjusting for age, gender and deprivation.
To illustrate these interaction effects, we created categorical variables showing high and low levels of protective factors (the group labeled as 'high' comprises the approximately 50% of participants who had the highest scores on the respective index, and vice versa) for each category of number of adverse life events and plotted the mean delinquency by adverse events for each new category.
For sample-wise allocation of the sequencing data, the raw reads from each lane of flow cell were demultiplexed using the respective index sequence.
The concentration indices are each decomposed into the different dimensions of health summing up to the respective index and the effect on health from different socio-economic characteristics.
Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance with actual age, gender and IMD as covariates were used to estimate the significance of mean differences of the number of A&E episodes, hospital admissions and costs within each of the multimorbid groups, comparing the pairs of diseases to their respective index diseases.
Target sizes included 1, 2, 3 and 4 cm (i.e., each circle size within the array was used as a target) and produced respective index of difficulty (ID) values of 3.7, 4.1, 4.7 and 5.7 bits [log2 2A/W] (where A = amplitude and W = target width) [15].
Adjusting for age, gender and deprivation still showed that each of the six multimorbid groups had significantly higher A&E costs than their respective index diseases.
First, we wanted to investigate the relative multidrug prescribing for each of six chosen index examples, comparing comorbid groups with prescribing levels in the respective index groups.
Adjusting for age, gender and deprivation still showed that each of the six multimorbid groups had significantly higher hospital admission costs than their respective index diseases.
