Then, using population genomic data from D. melanogaster and two outgroup genomes, for each phenotype, we estimate the direction of selection statistic (DoS), which is defined as the difference between the proportion of substitutions and polymorphisms that are nonsynonymous.
The program implementing the MKPRF approach provides a sample of the posterior distribution of the mean and variance of these random variables which is then summarized to describe the overall strength and direction of selection at each locus.
Here we examine whether these functions are capable of evolving independently in a variety of environments that differ in the extent and direction of selection on each function.
Negative epistasis, in which genetic s ubstitutions diminish each other's effects in the direction of selection, could be quite constraining.
Here, we use the minimal dynamic fitness model introduced in Mustonen and Lässig (2007, 2010), in which the direction of selection at each site flips according to an independent Poisson process.
The selection coefficients, β's, known as selection gradients, are a set of partial regression coefficients (i.e., slopes) of relative fitness on the traits which provide an estimate of the magnitude and direction of selection acting on each trait.
We calculated the average ΔTC of each brambling clutch in order to evaluate the direction of selection on hue.
Garland and Kelly (2006) point out that directional selection should support alleles that increase phenotypic plasticity in the direction of selection.
Social niche The selective context in which social behaviour occurs, affecting the strength and direction of selection on it.
Hunt et al. [ 6] suggest that when selective forces act in opposition, variation in the timing, strength and direction of selection can produce a range of possible outcomes.
