Porter's Stemming Algorithm [11] was used to reduce inflected words to their root forms (e.g., "knowing" becomes "know") in order to compress the size of the dictionary.
Second, we example the relative difficulty of item tiers to understand whether one cognitive skill (e.g., knowing) is easier or harder for students.
In addition to the previous situation (e.g., knowing the location of Alice) there are cases in which it is important that a user, e.g., Bob, is notified of some location-related event such as "Alice has arrived at the campus".
Therefore, it is difficult to differentiate between a vivid experience of self-motion during imagined movements and simply using strategies based on knowledge that has been obtained through one's interactions with the world (e.g., knowing how long each step takes and how far it moves one forward).
Fateful/catastrophic events can involve both physical threat to one's life and emotional threat (e.g., knowing someone lost or killed in the fateful/catastrophic incident, fear of additional exposures) and generally can occur at any point in the life course.
In brief, when learning that a stimulus made of two components ("AB") predicts a different outcome than its elements ("A" and "B"), people spontaneously abstract an opposites rule and apply it to new stimuli (e.g., knowing that "C" and "D" predict one outcome, they will predict that "CD" predicts the opposite outcome).
We also found a trend toward a direct effect of information on adherence, which may be because we did not assess more complex knowledge (e.g., knowing how and when to get prescriptions refilled/reauthorized) that may affect adherence through the enactment of behavioral skills, nor did we assess heuristics or implicit theories that may also influence adherence (12, 18).
Here we were, three weeks after dropping him off in Nairobi — and two weeks after the latest deadly carjacking of Americans in the city — and we had no word from him, little faith in the program organizers and no means to reach him except by e-mail, knowing that he was in some village (we knew not which) without electricity, let alone Internet access.
There is also a critical strand in the literature about safety in the construction industry that focuses on the importance of embodied knowing (e.g. (e.g. Strati 2003; Gherardi and Nicolini 2002; Marchand 2003, 2007).
As shown in (2), specification of the hyper parameters S a 2 and S d 2 requires knowing E (σ a 2 ) and E (σ d 2 ).
