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Associations between these indicate a consistent pattern such that dysfunctional parenting practices tend to co-occur, and parents who do employ dysfunctional strategies feel less competent as parents.
It must be noted that, from the perspective of health psychology [17], the provision of health information about the risk factors corresponds to an increase in the level of information with a possible increase in anxiety and consequent use of dysfunctional strategies.
As such, the NCPF's systemic perspective may help avoid many of the dysfunctional strategies that often guide performance measurement [ 102- 105].
Many ADHD affected persons have developed (dysfunctional) strategies to avoid the confrontation with anxiety-laden situations in order to manage their disorder.
Individuals who have experienced depression in the past have been found to employ dysfunctional strategies more frequently (i.e. rumination, catastrophizing), and employ functional strategies less frequently (i.e. putting into perspective) [ 17].
This is in line with findings from earlier studies that found negative effects of dysfunctional strategies on fathers' well being [ 43] and no effects for functional strategies [ 25, 26, 44, 45].
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In this sense, stress is thought to relate to dysfunctional strategy use, altered feedback processing, heightened reward sensitivity, and lowered punishment sensitivity (Starcke & Brand, 2012).
One such dysfunctional strategy, often described as tunnel vision, consists of concentrating on certain limited areas of performance while neglecting other important but unmeasured areas.
4 By enhancing these skills, it is assumed to prevent substance use and abuse, since substance use is considered as a dysfunctional strategy to cope with everyday challenges and developmental tasks in adolescence.
Those people practising the same tasks for a long time seem to be especially at risk (>16 years) [ 10], as are those with unhealthy lifestyles (e.g. substance abuse), which often represents a dysfunctional strategy for coping with stress [ 11].
For example, in a two-year prospective sample of 3,738 working adults, Nielsen and Knardahl [ 12] found that the use of what can be considered dysfunctional coping strategies was related to poor mental health while the use of what could be considered functional coping strategies was related to good mental health.
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