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In this general picture, the abnormal genomic landscape seen in tumor cells is considered a downstream epiphenomenon of dysfunctional respiration and protracted oncogene-driven fermentation.
Superoxide is the main ROS moiety that could leak from dysfunctional respiration and dihydroethidium (DHE) dye, a cell permeable dye preferentially detecting superoxide radicals, was used to assess superoxide levels.
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As a consequence of the inactivation, the surfactant becomes dysfunctional, and respiration cannot be maintained properly.
Otto Warburg (54, 55) first proposed that all cancers originate from dysfunctional cellular respiration.
Remarkably, dysfunctional mitochondrial respiration has been shown for Tyk2-deficient pro-B cells [ 24].
Undernutrition during pregnancy in mice leads to dysfunctional cardiac muscle respiration in adult offspring.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment of 3T3-L1 adecreased decreased GSTA4 expression, and silencing GSTA4 mRNA in cultured adipocytes resulted in increased protein carbonylation, increased mitochondrial ROS, dysfunctional state 3 respiration, and altered glucose transport and lipolysis.
Mitochondria were dysfunctional and fragmented, with impaired respiration and reduced respiratory chain complex activities.
Sestrin-stimulated autophagy can provide an additional energy source and at the same time eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria generated by inefficient respiration under low oxygen tension.
Mitochondria were dysfunctional and fragmented, with impaired respiration, reduced respiratory chain complex activities, and a decreased potential maintained by reversal of the ATP synthase.
This concept has been formulated to identify the vulnerable physiological compartment masked from the systemic circulation and responsible for oxygen transport and cellular respiration that becomes dysfunctional in sepsis, and which can lead to organ failure (Fig. 1).
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