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Together, these data suggest that Ring1b is specifically important for dynamic repression of developmental, chromatin-related, cell cycle and metabolic genes in ES cells.
A series of recent studies have revealed that, in order to maintain pluripotency, mouse and human ES cells deploy mechanisms for dynamic repression of genes regulating developmental pathways in such a way that this repression can be epigenetically maintained through cell division.
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Dynamic RNA repression allowed gene knock-downs which were identified by elementary flux mode analysis as highly productive but with low biomass formation to be implemented after a population growth phase, resulting in the highest published PHBA titer in yeast (1.1 mM).
However, against this general assumption, we obtained evidence that the rapid and dynamic dark repression is an active process.
Pessimists fear an unstoppable dynamic that generates repression, chaos and instability – each side feeding on the other's excesses and miscalculations.
Interestingly, dynamic activation and repression of enhancers has been shown to occur upon exposure of immune cells to inflammatory stimuli, suggesting that enhancers have a key role in regulating inflammatory gene expression [13,14,24].
E-cadherin downregulation is not specific to ILC, as it also occurs during progression to high-Ki67 IDC tumors such as basaloid and triple-negative subtypes, reflecting dynamic epigenetic trans-repression of CDH1 at the invasive tumor front as part of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [ 41].
Repression may involve dynamic dephosphorylation of the activators and thus decreased association with CBP.
Since this construct was fully inducible, an increased dynamic range would require stronger repression in the absence of the inducer and/or stronger expression in the absence of LacI.
The strong double mutant phenotypes in the simulations can be explained by the lack of other dynamic input to the WUS repression in the model, except for the two pathways that are knocked out.
Isaacs et al. (103) produced two orthogonal crRNA-trRNA riboregulator pairs for E. coli that exhibited 8- and 19-fold repression-to-activation dynamic ranges, and this set was later expanded by Callura et al. (104) to include two additional orthogonal pairs with ∼70- and ∼200-fold dynamic ranges.
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