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In light of this observation, it is interesting to note that during vigilance tasks, theta-rich EEG has been found to be associated with reduced arousal [25] and deteriorated stimulus detection [12], [26].
In a study of wild mixed-species troops of saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached (S. mystax) tamarins, trichromats are further from their neighbors than their dichromatic conspecifics are during vigilance, which is explained through the potentially better perception of predation risk in trichromats [33].
Increased bidirectional connectivity might suggest an increased equilibrium in signal transmission between brain regions during vigilance compared with DSST performance.
These same faster individuals, however, showed increased dorsal PFC influence compared with slower individuals during vigilance task performance.
Although there is evidence that more vigorous chewing or greater resistance to chewing does not moderate chewing effects on memory [ 14, 15], the fact that chewing gum can enhance arousal which is depleted by attention tasks (e.g., by heightening heart rate and beta power during vigilance) [ 9] suggests that it is more plausible that more vigorous chewing could have a greater effect on attention.
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Using the same response format, participants were also asked to rate the valence of their day dreams (anchored by "negative" and "positive") and to report the total proportion of the time during the vigilance task they spent day dreaming (anchored by "off task" and "on task").
No differences were observed as a function of vection condition with respect to either the valence of day dreams [t(23) = 0.71, p = .49; Mbackward = 64.4%, Mforward = 58.4%] or the total proportion of time spent day dreaming during the vigilance task [t(23) = 0.68, p = .50; Mbackward = 45.4%, Mforward = 39.8%].
Participants performed at least two trials (MA = 11.89, SDA = 5.290, MB = 6.78, SDB = 5.298) during each vigilance stage.
Increased bidirectional fluctuation during sustained vigilance has important implications for speculation regarding the mechanisms that could give rise to interregional connectivity when cognitive mechanisms are relatively minimally engaged.
> -wrap-foot> Thextentnt of differential DLPFC activity during SART EM versus SART EF blocks was not only very strongly linked to trait anxiety, r(18) = 0.65, P < 0.005, but also strongly linked to the mind-wandering index of intrusion into conscious awareness of TUTs measured during the vigilance task conducted in the follow-up session, r(13) = 0.69, P < 0.01.
A key marker of decreased arousal is cortical slow wave activity (1 4 Hz), which occurs both during non-REM sleep (Vyazovskiy et al., 2009; Amzica and Steriade, 1998; Buzsaki et al., 1988) and in awake animals during low vigilance states and sleep deprivation (Vyazovskiy et al., 2011; Huber et al., 2000).
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