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"In the translating process, some things obviously went wrong.
No major difficulties were experienced during the translation process and most items in the questionnaire were translated without difficulty.
Both female and male questionnaires were translated to native language in the participating countries and back translated to English for correction of errors that occurred during the translation process.
Lastly, the transcripts were translated from Zulu to English and as with any translation there was undoubtedly some level of information and understanding that was lost during the translation process.
This is less accurate than when languages can be translated directly, because errors multiply during each translation process.
The back translated version was checked by the research team for any discrepancies and to ensure that the construct measures by IPAQ had not been lost during the adaptation and translation process.
Linguistic and conceptual issues arose during the process of translating the instrument, particularly pertaining to the title, instructions, and some of the items of the scale.
However, it has often been suggested that one of the major biological functions of mRNA localization is to restrict the production of the encoded protein to the appropriate region, implying that mRNA is not translated during the translocation process.
Interviews done in Berber, Arabic and Turkish were translated during the transcription process.
Ethnic words and phrases used were later translated into English during the transcription process, or left un-translated if there was no good English equivalent.
In Kenya and Tanzania the discussions were transcribed verbatim and later translated into English, whereas the translation was done during the transcription process in Zambia.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com