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It would have been one thing if Google had done this during the Spectrum auction in 2008 — which they never intended to win.
Nevertheless, a rough estimate of this magnitude can be implemented by the SU during the spectrum sensing phase.
In Eq. (60), (E{T_{i}^{loss} | text {sensing stage} }) is the expected value of the wasted spectrum durations during the spectrum sensing in the sensing stage.
On the other hand, the PU and SUs all want to maximize their interests during the spectrum allocation process, which can be modeled as a Stackelberg game [34].
We assume that each secondary user is able to sense only one channel during the spectrum sensing period and transmit over only one channel during the data transmission period. .
Note that this does not contradict the assumption that a secondary user can sense only one channel during the spectrum sensing period since the secondary user can continue to sense other channels during the data transmission period (suppose that the signal from primary users can be well distinguished from that from secondary users, e.g., using different cyclostationary features [22]).
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Using this method, the SU nodes can save time and energy during the spectrum-sensing phase.
The experimental conditions were kept constant during the spectra acquisition (discharge voltage 250 V, frequency 30 kHz, and pulse width 5 μs).
Moreover, both of the ambient and sample temperature must be strictly controlled during the spectra acquisition.
A BPP-LED sequence was applied for the coupled DOSY and the same sequence with decoupling during acquisition for the spectrum in Figure 2 B.
The spectrum of HVs can reflect changes in blood flow through the tricuspid valve during the cardiac cycle, leading to pulsatile changes in the spectrum during ultrasonography.
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