The ancestral founder of the family, activation induced deaminase (AID), functions in the adaptive immune system to mutate antibody genes in B cells as a fast mechanism to promote diversity of the antibody response to match the rapid evolution of pathogens during infection.
In the orthopaedic field, the rapid evolution of biomedical research during the past 30 years has changed fundamentally the way we think about the musculoskeletal system in health and disease.
The invention of the atomic force microscope in 1986 [15] and the rapid evolution of MEMS technologies during the 1990s, provided the motivation and processing capabilities for exploiting miniaturized mechanical resonators for sensing, signal processing, timing, vibration energy harvesting, and precision measurements for fundamental studies in diverse areas of science and engineering[16, 17].
The invention of the atomic force microscope in 1986 [15], and the rapid evolution of MEMS technologies during the 1990s, provided the motivation and processing capabilities for exploiting miniaturized mechanical resonators for sensing, signal processing, timing, vibration energy harvesting, and precision measurements for fundamental studies in diverse areas of science and engineering [16, 17].
Anticipating the rapid evolution of PMTCT practice during this period we employed components of a continuous quality improvement model in a programmatic setting.
The rapid evolution of the skeletal system during modern human evolution has previously been reviewed [3].
Following the "when-to-start" guidelines was better during the studied period than during the pre-cART (<1996) and early-cART eras (1996-1999), when the rapid evolution of knowledge led physicians to largely anticipate the guidelines [ 24].
Here we demonstrate the rapid evolution of heritable variation for broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance during the course of biofilm development by E. coli.
Many examples of the rapid evolution of bacteria are available.
