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In previous aviary studies with house sparrows we observed a high incidence of nestling mortality during the first breeding season after their capture.
In this breeding project, trees are screened for resistance using an artificial inoculation test that follows a strict protocol; during the first breeding program, which ran from 1978 to 1984, 92 resistant P. densiflora individuals were selected from 11,000 candidate trees, and only 16 resistant P. thunbergii individuals were selected from 14,000 candidate trees.
During the first breeding season 41 animals were fertilized and maintained pregnancy to term, without noticeable differences between groups (p = 0.555).
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I recorded hybrid quails at different moments of the first reproductive season and during the second breeding season.
Breeding more often begins in the second breeding season after fledging.
Both decreased breeding success and total breeding failure were much more important in the second breeding year than in the first one.
First-breeding-generation families showed lower values of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration than families from the second breeding generation.
Of the 598 males ringed during the study period in their first breeding season, 132 (22%) males returned to the study area for their second season, 40 (30%) continued to return through the third breeding season, 14 (11%) through the fourth, and only one male returned in the fifth breeding season.
We document that, in the new population, the adaptation is induced by a novel environment during females' first breeding and is subsequently retained across breeding attempts.
Of note, the main results of the density- and frequency-dependent effects on breeding success (Fig. 1A,B, S1, Table 1) were not biased by survival costs, as the survival of females was not yet affected by RE tactic or manipulations of frequencies and densities during their first breeding (Linear logit model, G<0.090, P>0.663 for all main effects and interactions).
Heifers that did not conceive during their first breeding season are exposed again to bulls at 2 years of age.
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