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A likely explanation for this ambiguous phylogenetic placement is the "long branch attraction effect" [ 79] as L. welshimeri is placed on a long branch and seems to have branched off of the MRCA of the L. monocytogenes/ L. marthii/ L. innocua clade relatively early during the evolutionary of Listeria sensu stricto.
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Genetic exchange events occurred frequently during the evolutionary histories of the members of the B. cereus group.
Baum [ 35] pointed out the possible outcomes that can arise if reticulation events had happened during the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Although there might be two environmental temperature-related phases during the evolutionary history of the tree of life (Boussau et al. 2008), high temperature is a crucial environmental factor for prokaryotic early evolution.
Thus, a temporal extension, rather than de novo activation, of Hoxd13 expression in the distal part of the fin may have contributed to development of digits during the evolutionary transition of fins to limbs.
Genealogical analyses among lineages reveals that eight gene conversion events have occurred between homologous mat A and mat a-linked alleles of genes located within the region of restricted recombination during the evolutionary history of N. tetrasperma.
This might result from different sequencing methods, assembly error in partial chromosomal regions, or different degrees of colonization during the evolutionary process of Gossypium, and need to be further confirmed.
As a result, chemosensory genes are likely the targets of selection during the evolutionary process of signal differentiation.
Therefore, the preferential maintenance of duplicated genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and aerobic respiration, which implies a strong selective pressure for increased mitochondrial function acting for millions of years during the evolutionary history of Antarctic notothenioids, seems to underlie icefish adaptation to the cold.
The cause of directional selection during the evolutionary rise of csd is not understood and cannot be explained by an adjustment of sex ratios or an intra-locus sexual conflict.
Sequence comparison of these CGTases revealed that specific incorporation and/or substitution of amino acids at the substrate binding sites, during the evolutionary progression of these enzymes, resulted in diversification of cyclodextrin product specificity.
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