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Tree mortality is relatively high during the establishment phase, the first few years after planting.
This type of forest management is intensive in the use of agrochemicals (fertilisers, herbicides) and operations (agrochemical applications, soil preparation) during the establishment phase.
Herbicides play an integral role in the management of competitive vegetation in these forests, particularly during the establishment phase of the forestry cycle.
They are widely used during the establishment phase of the forestry cycle for weed control prior to and during the first few years after tree planting.
The trees were well-watered in the lysimeters during the establishment phase until the start of the experiment in June 2011.
First, C inputs into the soil due to weed roots may equal or exceed those due to poplar fine roots, especially during the establishment phase of the plantation.
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This suggests that not only are stochastic effects important during the early stages of disease outset, but they also can play a critical role in shaping the epidemic well beyond the establishment phase of the disease.
It is well known that the management of competing vegetation, or weeds, during this establishment phase underpins long-term forest productivity, ensuring good tree survival, optimal growth and stand uniformity at canopy closure (Wagner et al. 2006).
For planted forests, managed for commercial production of timber, herbicides provide the most cost-effective means to achieve optimum control of weeds during this establishment phase (Mendell et al. 2015; Neary and Michael 1996; Rolando et al. 2010).
Until viable non-chemical methods of management are determined, the routine application of herbicides during the plantation establishment phase (Richardson 1993) will continue to play an important part in successful management of broom.
Note also that each sensor node only needs to broadcast one network joining message during the key establishment phase with no further message exchange required.
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