The de novo mutations have been shown to occur primarily during paternal meiosis.
Also as expected, the Wnt1 allele under the control of the imprinting locus is expressed during paternal transmission.
We find that Neil1 depletion results in fewer expansions and increased contractions during paternal transmissions, when compared with control mice.
The HD CAG repeat in transgenic mice exhibits an expansion bias during paternal transmission and a contraction bias during maternal transmission (23– 23).
In humans, the HD-associated TNR has been shown to be unstable in more than 80% of meiotic transmissions, presenting both expansions and contractions with the largest expansions occurring during paternal transmission (2).
Covariates tested and not included were maternal marital status, education, smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy, paternal height, and anti-depressant use during pregnancy.
These data delimit the end of the developmental window during which paternal rescue is still possible.
Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed and information on maternal age, socioeconomic status, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, parity, smoking during pregnancy, paternal BMI, birth weight, gestational age at birth, sex, breastfeeding and finally infant weight at 5 and 12 month were included in the analyses.
The epigenetic tags on imprinted genes of a one-cell embryo were fully established during the paternal and maternal germ cell developmental process [ 44, 45].
An excess of food during the paternal grandfather's slow growth period (SGP, 9 12 years of age) has been linked to decreased longevity (Bygren et al. 2001) and increased mortality risk of grandsons (Pembrey et al. 2006), whereas a shortage of food during a father's SGP was linked to reduced cardiovascular disease in his sons (Kaati et al. 2002).
District, ethnicity, sex and gestational age of the child, maternal BMI, smoking, marital status, and vitamin intake during pregnancy, paternal length of education and smoking, and exposure to PM2.5 in the first month of pregnancy were among variables associated with the risk of LBW (Table 6).
